Morality in war Essay Example for Free

Profound quality in war Essay Is war ever good? I feel that War is an important piece of life. Now and again power is simply the best way to guard or others. We are for the most part equivalents, and It is shameless to end the life of anybody, yet it is additionally improper to leave the life of anybody alone taken. We have a duty to help each other on the grounds that collaboration is the main way humankind can endure; we likewise reserve a privilege to shield ourselves. This implies on the off chance that another person is compromising you or anothers life, and you are fit for helping, you have a commitment to secure yourself or them. Deadly power will never be good, yet consider the possibility that it’s the best way to ensure somebody. Let’s state that an aggressor has broken into your home and is holding a firearm to you and your family. You additionally have a weapon pointed at the aggressor. In this theoretical circumstance we should expect that the best way to spare your family is to execute the aggressor. You should settle on a decision to murder the aggressor or let the assailant execute you and your family. The two choices are indecent, so one needs to inquire as to whether its progressively improper to slaughter the assailant, or to let the aggressor execute your family? The undeniable decision to me is to murder the aggressor. I feel this is the correct decision on account of two reasons. One, our obligation to secure ourselves and our family is bigger than the duty to not do mischief to another. The subsequent explanation has to do with the extent of harm. The aggressor would accomplish more mischief in murdering my family and me then I would do in executing him. This model permits us to see, from a more minor perspective, when deadly power is fundamental. Things get progressively entangled when we take a gander at whole nations as opposed to only one family, however my view point continues as before. Deadly power is possibly allowed when it is simply the main choice to protect or others. War is essential since individuals here and there settle on corrupt choices that set others in a place where there is no other alternative, yet is war ever good? Murdering is consistently indecent, and executing is a piece of war, so parts of war are corrupt, yet does this mean war is naturally unethical? Here and there it is the least unethical decision; this settles on it the most good decision, so it is at some point moral. I accept that a significant number of the wars we have had have been improper. I don’t feel that the United States has been legitimized in it’s activities unfailingly. â€Å"It is disturbing that military mediation in inner clashes in remote nations has gotten typical for the United States. † Vladimir Putin. I feel that it is to a limited extent because of the old style â€Å"male† way to deal with morals which centers around â€Å"independence, self-governance, keenness, will, attentiveness, chain of importance, mastery, culture, amazing quality, item, parsimony, war, and death,† Jaggar, â€Å"Feminist Ethics,† 1992 One can see that these attributes would take into consideration war to be all the more regularly ethically worthy. A â€Å"feminist† way to deal with morals would concentrate more on â€Å"interdependence, network, association, sharing, feeling, body, trust, nonattendance of chain of importance, nature, characteristic, process, happiness, harmony, and life. †Jaggar, â€Å"Feminist Ethics,† 1992 These qualities take into account an increasingly tranquil world. The Syrian system was blamed for utilizing substance weapons against it’s own kin in september of 2013. The weapon of mass devastation â€Å"Sarin† may have been utilized, and this activity is against worldwide law. The United states felt committed to step in and rebuff the Syrian Government for this since they felt it was on the planets wellbeing to not release these barbarities unpunished. It could be increasingly risky to let them pull off it since global law could self-destruct and the world could go to rebellion if nothing is never really wrong conduct. This being stated, what is the best strategy to rebuff the Syrian government in the event that they did infact utilize this weapon? Military activity was discussed, and President Obama was eager to assault if important, yet I feel this is exceptionally perilous. On the off chance that the United States were to assault the Syrian government without UN endorsement It could have a similar impact as sitting idle. This is on the grounds that the US would likewise be violating worldwide law, and this could likewise make the UN self-destruct. In the event that solid nations like the US sidestep UN endorsement on military activities, at that point International law amounts to nothing. â€Å"The world responds by asking: on the off chance that you can't rely on universal law, at that point you should discover different approaches to guarantee your security. In this manner a developing number of nations try to get weapons of mass obliteration. This is legitimate: on the off chance that you have the bomb, nobody will contact you. † - Vladimir Putin. What's more, military activity would not be ethically worthy in this circumstance since it would not be in self protection; it would be a demonstration of hostility causing more damage than anything else. A discretionary methodology would be a positive development for this specific circumstance. This genuine circumstance permits us to perceive how we can pass judgment on the ethical quality of an activity for a bigger scope. All in all, war can be good, yet it is just a technique to accomplish harmony and wellbeing for a gathering. Every single other alternative ought to be investigated before war can be thought of; this is on the grounds that war includes the absolute most corrupt activities conceivable; the slaughtering of others. â€Å"Never believe that war, regardless of how important, nor how advocated, isn't a wrongdoing. †-Ernest Hemingway http://www. brainyquote. com/cites/cites/e/ernesthemi108407. html#zB7XwPTRbCpbv7my. 99 http://www. nytimes. com/2013/09/12/conclusion/putin-supplication for-alert from-russia-on-syria. html? _r=0.

20 Quotes for People Who Would Rather Be at the Beach

20 Quotes for People Who Would Rather Be at the Beach Its opportunity to make a beeline for the sea shore. The breeze blows through your hair. The warm sun washes your skin. Delicate, brilliant sand strokes your feet. The waves sing to an ideal cadence and the coconut trees delicately influence against the breeze. On the off chance that you love the sun and the ocean, the sea shore is the correct goal for you. In this way, snatch your suntan moisturizer and your Frisbee and go skipping to the sea shore. For those occasions when you are not at the sea shore, get into the correct perspective with beachy cites. Annie Dillard ï » ¿The ocean articulates something, again and again, in a raspy murmur; I can't exactly make it out. Isak Dinesen The solution for anything is salt water - sweat, tears, or the ocean. H. M. Tomlinson A large portion of us, I assume, are somewhat anxious of the ocean. Regardless of what its grins might be, we question its fellowship. Ambrose Bierce Sea: A waterway involving 66% of a world made for man, who has no gills. Anne Morrow Lindbergh The ocean doesn't remunerate the individuals who are excessively restless, excessively avaricious, or excessively anxious. One should lie vacant, open, choiceless as a sea shore - sitting tight for a blessing from the ocean. One can't gather all the delightful shells on the sea shore; one can gather just a couple, and they are increasingly wonderful in the event that they are not many. Henry Beston The three incredible essential sounds in nature are the sound of downpour, the sound of wind in a primitive wood, and the sound of external sea on a sea shore. Isaac Newton To myself, I am just a kid playing on the sea shore, while huge expanses of truth lie unfamiliar before me. William Manchester The coconut trees, flexible and elegant, swarm the sea shore like a minuet of thin older virgins receiving sassy stances. G. K. Chesterton Where does a shrewd man kick a rock? On the sea shore. Where does an astute man shroud a leaf? In the backwoods. Michelle Held Dont grow up too rapidly, in case you overlook the amount you love the sea shore. Ranchers Almanac A genuine companion is somebody who takes a winter excursion on a sun-doused sea shore and doesn't send a card. T. S. Eliot I have heard the mermaids singing, each to each. Henry David Thoreau My life resembles a walk around the sea shore... as close to the edge as I can go. William Stafford Indeed, even the upper finish of the stream has faith in the sea. Corey Hart Along the sea shore, I never gathered shells from my dads shore. Barbara Wilson That is the place we used to put our seats. A long distance where that wave is rolling. Our sea shore is under that water. Anne Spencer One can't gather all the excellent shells on the sea shore. Cathy Haynes The more we have development along our sea shores and boundary islands, cover is continually going to be an issue. Charles Williams I dont care how much empty talk they give you about it, there is this culture in Atlantic Beach that accepts this gibberish is alright.

Ups and Downs

Ups and Downs Not gonna lie, my happy-to-sad ratio is a little sad-heavy at the moment. In the past three days, three separate experiments have gone wrong at lab. The procedures involved in these experiments (fluorescent in situ hybridization, cell-seeding, imaging, etc) are well-established, widely-accepted, and straightforward procedures, which makes me all the more upset that my experiments have not been working out. Generally, when I make mistakes occur at lab, I mourn for about ten minutes, then move on with my life. My grad students policy is you can make every mistake once. I dont think Ive ever pushed the bounds of mistake-making as far as I have this summer, lol. Except with these three experiments, Im 100% sure that I did everything correctly. Ive mentally run through each and every one of my actions over and over and over again. I have no idea why my experimental results emerged as they did. After 3 days and not my usual ten minutes of moping, Ive finally decided to take a different perspective on this problem. Im going to see this situation as a learning experience, a chance to learn more about the cells Im working with, and the latest in this hepatocyte-centered scientific field. This is turn explains why Ive spent the last two hours of my life scavenging about Google Scholar, downloading 10+ papers, and reading through all of them. Ive picked up so many random but interesting deets on hepatocyte behavior and challenges other scientists in the field have encountered. A frazzled post-doc in my lab today told me that science is all about failure. Reading these papers has showed me that yeah, science is about failure but more than that, its about seeing failures as interesting avenues to explore, as potential for future experimentation. Thats how Im planning on approaching it anyway. In other news, Ive fallen in love! With Boston sunrises :) Check it out:

A Brief Note On The Local Small Businesses - 876 Words

Have you ever considered counting how many local small businesses are there in your community? Do you think that business would do way better if it could reach out further through a website? Fact is there are 27 million small businesses on this earth, which means there are several products and services offered, what if these small business had the potential to upscale but the local market wasn’t great enough? Some of the best ran small businesses have websites that has given the business a great deal of benefits. Some of the benefits that help small businesses are that they help gain credibility, save money, accessibility, wider range for target market, customer service and, convenience. I would like to start with one of the most influential effects a website has on a business which is convenience. Convenience is a very influential factor, usually if a customer can easily find your site you would see an increase in traffic on your site. Also, If your website is more convenient than your competitors that will give you a huge advantage over them, while spreading the name of your brand across the country rapidly. Another beneficial aspect of having a website is it helps your business save more money. A website can help a business with money from different angles. People automatically think that having a website could be costly, well not necessarily it depends on how you utilize the tools given. Websites will be there all the time and is free to access, versus having aShow MoreRelatedGlobal Business : Franchising Of Brazil1713 Words   |  7 Pagesfranchise in Brazil because the risk of failure in a franchise business in the country is very low compared to non-franchise businesses, it is the easiest and fastest business to launch in the country and because Brazil ranks fifth in the world franchising league table. 2.1. The risk of failure in a franchise business in Brazil is very low compared to non-franchise businesses. This assertion is made based on a source (Geromel, 2012) that included this statement as part of an article claiming that franchisingRead MoreThe Benefits Of Networking In Marketing960 Words   |  4 Pagesreminder, maybe 5 days before the registration deadline. Another crucial way to advertise the workshop is through the labs and businesses that work in the area by dropping them a line, ideally via a personal contact and asking them if they would not mind circulating the call around. Regarding newspapers, the marketers will get in touch with journalists and editors of local and regional newspapers as well as news websites to find out if they would be interested to interview the organizers about theRead MoreThe Benefits of a High Immigrant Population Essay1560 Words   |  7 Pagesthe workforce are also quite note-worthy. First, let us turn our eyes to something that is indisputable in economics. Even among those who claim that immigration isnt beneficial still have to accept the fact that overall the United States gross domestic product (G.D.P) increases. The Center of Immigration studies Camarota Steven (Immigration and the U.S. Economy 2010) an opponent to immigration states that the G.D.P. is increased by 0.24 percent. This may seem small and insignificant, but rememberRead MoreMediterranean Society Under Greek and Roman Influence Essay855 Words   |  4 Pagescompared in many ways, I will discuss the Mediterranean society under the Greeks and Romans influence. Similarities of the Greeks and Romans One of the things the Greeks and Romans had in common were trade and integration. Bentley et al (2008) notes that â€Å"the Greek goods, such as, olive oil and wine, were traded around the Mediterranean for raw material—grain. By the early eighth century B.C.E., the Greeks trades gained substantial prosperity† (p 139). Furthermore, the Greek established a widespreadRead MoreDeveloping Product Knowledge Of The Coffee Shop Essay1405 Words   |  6 Pagessources and summarise the information that these references can provide to assist you developing the knowledge of selected products or services. In providing your responses, you should also provide a brief analysis of how reliable and valid of these identified information sources. (Students please note that these information sources can be EITHER from online or books/magazines) Information sources of selected industry and workplace Summary of the information sources How reliable and valid of theseRead MoreCase Study : Business Management And Ownership Structure1130 Words   |  5 PagesLtd will be registered under sole directorship. Mr Nasir Mahmood will be 100% shareholder of company he has experienced, qualified and competent enough to start-up manage and run the business of their own. Director’s Profiles Below mentioned is the brief profile of director including their practical experience and key skills: Mr Nasir Mahmood Mr Nasir Mahmood has detailed knowledge and expertise in business operations and delivery procedures and complete indepth knowledge of convenience store businessRead MoreImmigration and Its Benefits Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pagesprice competition, because at some point this chain reaction will have to cease and it will all come down to which employee has the superior qualifications that are desired by the corporation or business entity currently seeking employees. As a brief side note to this concept of minimum wage, it has been stated by several studies including one conducted by the University of California (Jacobs, Graham-Squire and Luce 2011), that minimum wage is something that simply cannot provide enough fiscal incomeRead MoreElectronic Commerce and Global Impact951 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment: | Assignment 2 – ‘E-Solutions’ – The Impact of E-Commerce | Hand Out Date: | W/B 24 September 2012 | Hand In Date: | W/B 21 January 2013 | Assessor: | Sue Brandreth | Internal Verifier: | Paula Hobday | This assignment brief has been verified as fit for purpose:- IV Signature: IV Date: | Grading criteria - To achieve each grade the evidence must show that the learner is able: For a Pass to: | | LO1 Understand the structure and aims of business organisationsRead MoreWhat Can You Protect Your Dream?1086 Words   |  5 Pagesthe trademark will protect your brand, how will you protect your dream before the copyrights, patents and trademarks are established? Cyber security and data security are scary terms that we don’t think of in relationship to our businesses but the truth is that we - small business owners, authors, designers, musicians, and dreamers - are targets for hacking, hostile computer takeovers, malicious software attacks, ransomware attacks and more. While, no one wants to think that the information on theirRead MoreEssay about 1960 Time Capsule1584 Words   |  7 Pagesthe five items that were found in the 1960 time capsule was a newspaper with â€Å"Kennedy Assassinated† on the first page. http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2011/nov/22/jfk-assassination-tragedy-world-archive Late in his brief term of a thousand days, Kennedy took up the civil rights issue because of the increased in violence in some of the southern states. He called for increased federal power so that voting rights could be enforced. The major civil rights acts included

Neuroscience Essay Topics Tips

Neuroscience Essay Topics Tips Introduction Neuroethical debate's been around for some time, more since advanced neuroimaging techniques have started to play in the discipline of medicine. Some of the first models of brain regionalization proved severely misguided, mainly since they were built on minimum evidence. Beyond Wolpert's basic model, the problem of how brain regionalization develops is a significant question and we've relatively few answers. As is true with numerous scientific practices, cognitive neuroscience employs quite a few experimental methods in order to help academics and scientists in gaining insight into the discipline. The Fundamentals of Neuroscience Essay Topics Revealed Dualists think that the mind is non-physical and is distinct from the brain that is physical. The outcome of the research in the sphere of neuroscience are commonly utilised in medicine, since there are an increasing number of people with the nervous disorders and issue with the nervo us system and behavior. Neuroscientists study a broad range of topics regarding the brain and nervous system. Despite the fact that Descartes' philosophical reasoning is well worth considering, contemporary neuroscience shows on various levels that what is thought to be an immaterial mind is in fact the physical brain. The Do's and Don'ts of Neuroscience Essay Topics Your thesis ought to be relevant so the report can use a structure that's flexible in order to fit in the shoes of the readers. Having selected a very good topic to argue about, at this point you need to make an argumentative essay outline. Before you commence writing a single word of your paper, you first will need to understand what your thesis will be. A brief breakdown of the essay structure explain how and in what order you intend to develop each component of your paper. Concentrate on this issue you've chosen, collect the evidence to strengthen your findings and compose the paper as though you attempt to explain it to your friend in place of a colleague. This isn't an instance of the work generated by our Essay Writing Service. Something which is offered, presented, or given as a present. The Neuroscience Essay Topics Cover Up The structure of an evolution essay is what you need to know even before you choose a topic and there's a great reason for it! The main reason why some may experience difficulties with their essays is because they choose the incorrect topic. The topic has to be interesting, the topic has to be essential and finally the topic has to be informative. Not all research paper topics are made equal, and you would like to make certain you pick an amazing topic before you commence writing. Negative emotions by way of example have a tendency to capture so many information. This kind of composition is often utilised in the area of technical writing, where complex methods will need to be clearly explained in a logical, orderly fashion. To comprehend how brains develop we must know how their cells develop in specific and reproducible ways as a consequence of their very own internal mechanisms interacting with an expanding collection of stimuli from beyond the cell. Or consider the custom of placing electrodes under an individual's scalp, electrodes connected to a battery-operated generator implanted under the skin near somebody's collarbone. Choosing Good Neuroscience Essay Topics It wasn't merely the content, but how the student wrote about the subject that caught Prouty's interest. Students take part in research projects that correlate with their key regions of interest and offer a chance to investigate specific chemical reactions or phenomena. Having read various articles related to their particular research projects, these students now wished to read the most wonderful neuroscience article ever. By way of example, higher school students will be useful at studying the problems of organic chemistry because of limitations of the available equipment, whilst university students are going to have access to more advanced tools, letting them study photons or ions. Given the character of our training, it can be hard to determine key readings on topics beyond our immediate regions of expertise. In teaching practice, however, and this is particularly true for people who teach survey courses, there's an expectation that we're able to find our way through this huge literature. It's absolutely secure and confidential, let alone that it's fine to request help when you want it! 1 challenge with this approach, nevertheless, is it can be problematic for instructors to select ideal readings on topics beyond their areas of expertise as would be needed in a survey program, for example. A self-report dairy or journal that reports elements related to quality of sleep is important to acquire information that could be utilized to find clarity on whether stress and length of sleeps plays a part in the standard of sleep. The connection between tension and sleep is clearly indicated here as seeing that sleeping helps to fix and rejuvenate the human body and too little sleep due to stress can impact the individual tremendously on a tangible level. It can be the causative factor of many medical conditions which include poor healing, high blood pressure, diabetes to name a few. This discussion focus on tension and period of sleep.

Role of Drug Treatments and Talking Therapies as Depression Treatment Free Essays

Discuss the relative values of drug treatments and ‘talking therapies’ for depression in the NHS, with reference to current health policies Abstract Drug treatments and ‘talking therapies’ are available modes of treatment for depression within the NHS. Both interventions are of value and their appropriate implementation is guided by current health policies, specifically The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines. For mild depression, drug therapy is not recommended and talking treatments such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) are seen to be more appropriate. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Drug Treatments and Talking Therapies as Depression Treatment or any similar topic only for you Order Now For more severe depression drugs are suitable, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are usually prescribed as they have the least side effects. However, a combination of a psychological treatment with medication maybe the most valuable course for people with moderate or severe depression (NICE, 2007). It may be suggested that a stepped care model to intervention is considered. Introduction Depression is one of the leading causes of health problems in the UK. It is estimated that by 2020 major depression will be the second most common health problem in the world, behind heart disease (World Health Organisation). As such effective interventions for this condition are essential. Currently in the UK, the NHS offer drug treatments and ‘talking therapies’ for the treatment of depression. The effectiveness of these available interventions as modes of treatment for depression have been debated and as such this essay aims to explore the values of drug treatments and ‘talking therapies’ for depression in the NHS with reference to current health policies. Firstly it will concentrate on a description of depression before moving on to discuss the current policies for the treatment of depression and the value of drug and talking therapies. There are two main types of depression; major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. This essay will focus on major depressive disorder. Major depression is defined in terms of only depressive symptoms. To meet the DSM classification criteria individuals must have experienced five symptoms from a list of predefined symptoms over a two week period. These include low mood most of the day, a marked decline in interest or pleasure in activities, disrupted sleeping patterns, fatigue or loss of energy, altered eating habits, an inability to concentrate, feelings of worthlessness or hopelessness, suicide ideation or thoughts of death and irritability or agitation (Field, 2003). According to current health policies, specifically The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines, it is recommended that both drug treatment and talking therapies are available on the NHS (NICE, 2007). In accordance with NICE guidelines, the treatment for depression varies depending on the level of depression experienced. It is suggested that, for mild depression, medication is not appropriate because the benefits are outweighed by the risk of side effects. In this instance short-term talking treatments such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) are seen to be more relevant. For more severe depression antidepressants are suitable, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are suggested because their side effects are usually better tolerated than those of other types of antidepressants. However, for people with moderate or severe depression a combination of a psychological treatment with medication maybe the most valuable course (NICE, 2007). There are several drug therapies available that act in different ways and have various success rates (Gumnick and Nemeroff, 2000). Antidepressant drugs work on chemical messengers in the brain to alter mood. They try to lessen the symptoms of depression so that an individual may determine their actions proactively or feel able to engage in CBT. It commonly takes between two to four weeks before the medication takes effect. It is usually recommend that a person continues taking them for six months in order to avert a recurrence. Antidepressants often cause unpleasant side effects, which are initially worse at the beginning of treatment. Of the various different types available, SSRIs are usually the favoured first choice because, although they have as many listed side effects, they are usually better tolerated. Others include tricyclic antidepressants and MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors). Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) have been found to reduce symptoms in approximately 50-70% of individuals, yet it must be noted that placebo drugs have also been seen to reduce symptoms in 20 to 30% of people (Gumnick and Nemeroff, 2000). Withdrawal symptoms may be experienced when someone stops taking antidepressant drugs regardless of the type they are taking. This is particularly common if they have been taking them for a longer period of time. As such withdrawal from this medication is a slow process involving a reduction of the dose in stages over a period of weeks. The ‘talking therapy’ of choice for depression as recommended by NICE is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). CBT is an evidence based collaborative therapy that challenges an individual’s thoughts and beliefs (Wells, 1997). The benefits of CBT in the NHS context are that it is a relatively short term treatment which approximates the length of the early phase of drug therapy (Kennedy, Lam, Nutt, and Thase, 2007). It is targeted to ease the core symptoms of depression and to provide the individual with the skills to manage their mood. The evidence suggests that the psychological interventions, particularly CBT, are at least as successful as medication in the treatment of depression, even if severe (Antonuccio, Danton, DeNelsky, 1995). Computerised CBT (CCBT) is now available, making this therapy more accessible, and it can be used alongside or instead of sessions with a therapist. It is not appropriate for someone with severe symptoms, and NICE recommend people ar e assessed before using one of the programmes (NICE, 2007). Conclusion It becomes clear that there are values associated with both drug interventions and ‘talking therapies’ in the treatment of depression. In particular, CBT provides an accessible mode of treatment which aims to equip the individual with strategies to challenge and cope with their low mood. This is done within a ‘safe’ context where the person is encouraged and supported and there are no known side effects (Knaus and Ellis, 2006). Depending on the severity of depression, some individuals may not be able to engage in CBT and in this scenario antidepressants have significant value as they enable the person to feel able to engage in therapy which challenges their thoughts and attitudes. As such both drug treatment and talking therapies have their place as effective treatment for depression. Perhaps a stepped cared model may be useful when thinking about the most applicable mode of treatment for depression. The stepped care model presents a structure for managing the provision of services, and aids both practitioners and clients to identify and access the most effective interventions. The most effective and least intrusive intervention is initially offered. If a client does not benefit from that treatment or decides that it is not suitable for them, they should be offered a fitting intervention from the proceeding phase (Scogin, Hanson and Welsh, 2003). In this case the value of drug and talking interventions will be realised to provide the client with the most effective and suitable intervention. References Antonuccio, D.O.; Danton, W.G.; DeNelsky, G.Y. (1995) ‘Psychotherapy versus medication for depression: Challenging the conventional wisdom with data’. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, Vol. 26(6), pp. 574-585. Field, A. (2003). Clinical Psychology. Exeter UK: Crucial, Learning matters Ltd. Gumnick, J.F. and Nemeroff, C.B. (2000). ‘Problems with currently available antidepressants’. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. Vol. 61, pp. 5-15. Kennedy, S.H, Lam, R.W, Nutt, D, J and Thase, M.E (2007). ‘Psychotherapies, alone and in combination of Psychopharmacology’ . Treating Depression Effectively. London: Taylor Francis. Knaus, W.J and Ellis, A. (2006). The Cognitive Behavioural Workbook for Depression: A Step-by-step Program. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2007) ‘Depression: the treatment and management of depression in adults’. CG90. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Scogin, F. R., Hanson, A. and Welsh, D. (2003), Self-administered treatment in stepped-care models of depression treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol. 59, pp. 341–349. Wells, A. (1997). Cognitive Therapy of Anxiety Disorders: A Practice Manual and Conceptual Guide. New Jersey: Wiley. How to cite Role of Drug Treatments and Talking Therapies as Depression Treatment, Essay examples

Nazi Ethics Debate Essays - Medical Ethics, Research Ethics

Nazi Ethics Debate Nazi Ethics Debate "In the interest of...saving lives, is it acceptable to make use of data collected through mutilation, torture, and death" (Campbell, 16)? That is the question which has been rearing its head in scientific research since the end of World War II. As man has sought to quench his thirst for knowledge, lines of ethicality have been drawn to preserve the integrity of science, and provide a framework from which man can improve upon the quality of human life. In Nazi concentration and death camps, the gruesome sibling of science matured. Nazi scientists, physicians, and scholars tore down the ethical framework of science in order to eliminate the genetically inferior, and ultimately, attempt to forge a ?pure' race of ?super-humans'. Members of the Nazi scientific community were to serve as "alert biological soldiers" (Crum, 33). These ?soldiers' conducted research on non-consenting camp inmates in order to "demonstrate a hereditary basis for group differences in behavioral and physical characteristics" in humans (Caplan, 286). The most well known experiments in this regard were the experiments conducted on twins at Auschwitz. The other goal of the Nazi scientists was to provide human data that could be applied to the war effort. Experimentation of this sort mainly probed the extremes, which the human body could tolerate in a hostile environment. The most famous experiment of this sort was the ?Dachau Hypothermia Study.' The rationale of the experiments was as follows: "A consequence of air combat and air campaigns was that pilots were shot down and landed in cold water. In addition, the German Navy was losing a large number of personnel in the cold North Sea. There were no data available to document how long the downed pilots could survive in the frigid North Sea. The solution to these questions, as well as others, was considered important by certain groups of Nazi administrators and scientists. From a historical point of view, at that time, the number of papers that had been published that dealt with human response to cold water and/or air was very limited...therefore, the German scientists were seeking answers to "legitimate scientific goals" (Caplan, 98). The last line, "...German scientists were seeking answers to ?legitimate scientific goals'", is the statement which is the prime concern of this paper. In order to accomplish their ?goals,' Nazi scientists conducted human experiments, virtually all of which, ended in the subjects' murder. How can answers to ?legitimate scientific goals' be found in murder? Should these experiments even be considered ?science'? Furthermore, should these experiments be allowed to provide quotable data to the modern scientific community? The debate on whether or not science should allow referencing to Nazi data rages. Objectors to using Nazi data, state that by using the data from the Nazis' human experimentation, researchers are not only endorsing, but also encouraging future unethical research. In addition, objectors maintain that the Nazi research was poorly designed and conducted so haphazardly, that it really doesn't even qualify as ?scientific'. They state, "scientific results depended upon protocols which were soaked in iniquity. In many experiments, it was ?control subjects', denied treatment, who suffered most and died. ?Sample size' meant truck loads of Jews. ?Significance' was an indication of misery, and ?response rate' a measure of torment" (Dixon, 31). Objectors to the use of Nazi research believe that nothing good will come from this research. They believe that using research gathered through murder endorses the methods used in the experiments. If this statement were to be contested, they would argue that to cite research is to say ?I believe in this work'. To believe in research, one must be inclined to repeat the original work and further investigate the topic. Objectors claim that this condition is never satisfied. They state, "We do not, to be specific, replicate the Nazi experiments. ?We' do not do it. The Nazis did" (Campbell, 18). Objectors believe that a scientist above all else is a human, thus, he must recognize himself as a moral being. Since humans were murdered in these experiments, the data collected should be considered ?tainted'. No moral being should associate with tainted data. Objectors also believe that the methodology of these experiments cannot be considered ?science'. In regard to the infamous hypothermia experiments at Dachau, United States Brigadier General Telford Taylor, claimed that, "these experiments revealed nothing which civilized medicine can use" (Moe, 5). Further opinions from objectors dissect the reliability of the research. Arnold Relman, editor of the New England Journal of Medicine, states that Nazi experiments "are such a gross violation of human standards that they are not to be trusted at all...how can you trust a man